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Termites are eusocial insects which are classified in the taxonomic rank of infraorder Isoptera, or as epifamily Termitoidae within the cockroach order Blattodea. Termites were once classified in a separate sequence from cockroaches, but recent phylogenetic studies indicate that they evolved from close ancestors of cockroaches during the Jurassic or Triassic.

About 3,106 species are currently described, using a few hundred more left to be described. Although these insects are often called"white ants", they're not ants. .

Like ants and some bees and wasps in the separate order Hymenoptera, termites split labour among castes consisting of sterile male and female"workers" and"soldiers". All colonies have fertile men called"kings" and one or more fertile females called"queens". Termites chiefly feed on dead plant material and cellulose, generally in the form of wood, leaf litter, soil, or animal dung.

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Termites are among the most successful groups of insects on Earth, colonising most landmasses except Antarctica. Their colonies range in size from a few hundred individuals to enormous societies using several million individuals. Termite queens have the longest lifespan of any insect in the world, with a few queens reportedly living around 30 to 50 decades.

Colonies are called superorganisms since the termites form part of a self-regulating entity: the colony itself. .

Termites are a delicacy in the diet of some human cultures and are employed in many traditional medicines. A couple hundred species are economically significant as insects that can cause serious damage to buildings, plants, or plantation forests. Some species, like the West Indian drywood termite (Cryptotermes brevis), are considered as invasive species. .

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The infraorder name Isoptera is derived from the Greek words iso (equal) and ptera (winged), which describes the nearly equal size of the fore and hind wings.2"Termite" derives from the Latin and Late Latin term termes ("woodworm, white ant"), altered from the influence of Latin terere ("to rub, wear, erode") by the prior word tarmes.

The external appearance of this giant northern termite Mastotermes darwiniensis is indicative of the intimate relationship between termites and cockroaches.

Termites were previously put in the order Isoptera. As early as 1934 suggestions were made they were closely linked to wood-eating cockroaches (genus Cryptocercus, the woodroach) dependent on the similarity of the symbiotic gut flagellates.6 In the 1960s additional evidence supporting that hypothesis appeared when F. A. McKittrick noted similar morphological characteristics between some termites and Cryptocercus nymphs.7 In 2008 DNA analysis from 16S rRNA sequences8 supported the position of termites being nested within the evolutionary tree containing the order Blattodea, which included that the cockroaches.910 The cockroach genus Cryptocercus shares the strongest phylogenetical similarity with termites and is considered to be a sister-group to termites.1112 Termites and Cryptocercus share similar morphological and social features: for example, most cockroaches do not exhibit social attributes, but Cryptocercus takes good care of its own young and exhibits other societal behaviour such as trophallaxis and allogrooming.13 Termites are regarded as the descendants of the genus Cryptocercus.914 Some investigators have suggested that a more conservative measure of retaining the termites since the Termitoidae, an epifamily within the cockroach sequence, which preserves the classification of termites in family level and under.15 Termites have long been approved to be closely related to cockroaches and mantids, and they're categorized in the same superorder (Dictyoptera).1617.

The earliest unambiguous termite fossils date to the early Cretaceous, but given the diversity of Cretaceous termites and early fossil records showing mutualism between microorganisms and these insects, they probably originated before in the Jurassic or Triassic.181920 Further evidence of a Jurassic origin is the assumption that the extinct Fruitafossor consumed termites, judging from its morphological resemblance to modern termite-eating mammals.21 The earliest termite nest detected is thought to be from check here the Upper Cretaceous in West Texas, where the oldest known faecal pellets were also discovered.22 Claims that footprints arose previously have confronted controversy.

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Weesner indicated that the Mastotermitidae termites may return to the Late Permian, 251 million years ago,23 and fossil wings that have a close resemblance to the wings of Mastotermes of the Mastotermitidae, the toughest living termite, have been found in the Permian layers in Kansas.24 It is even possible that the very first termites emerged during the Carboniferous.25 The folded wings of the fossil wood roach Pycnoblattina, arranged in a convex pattern between segments 1a and 2a, resemble those seen in Mastotermes, the only living insect with exactly the identical pattern.24 Krishna et al., however, consider that each one of the Paleozoic and Triassic insects tentatively classified as termites are in fact unrelated to termites and needs to be excluded from the Isoptera.26 The crude giant northern termite (Mastotermes darwiniensis) exhibits numerous cockroach-like characteristics which are not shared with other termites, like laying its eggs in rafts and having anal lobes on the wings.27 Cryptocercidae and Isoptera are united in the clade Xylophagidae.28 Termites are sometimes known as"white ants" but the only resemblance to the ants is due to their sociality which is due to convergent evolution2930 with termites being the first social insects to evolve a caste system more than 100 million years ago.31 Termite genomes are generally relatively large compared to that of other insects; the first completely sequenced termite genome, of Zootermopsis nevadensis, which was published in the journal Nature Communications, consists of roughly 500Mb,32 while 2 subsequently released genomes, Macrotermes natalensis and Cryptotermes secundus, are considerably larger at around 1.3Gb.3330.

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